AUX_PASSIVE_MODIFIER
|
auxpass
|
passive auxiliary
|
parent: aux
|
The "passive auxiliary" grammatical relation. A passive auxiliary of a clause is a non-main verb of the clause which contains the passive information.
|
Kennedy has been killed - auxpass(killed, been)
|
VP|SQ|SINV
|
Root VP
and
< /^(?:VB|AUX|POS)/=target
< /^(?i:be|being|been|am|are|r|is|ai|was|were|'m|m|'re|'s|s|`s|art|ar|wase|get|getting|gets|got|gotten)$/
< VP|ADJP
or
< VBN|VBD
and
< VP|ADJP
< VBN|VBD
< CC
|
Root SQ|SINV
< /^(?:VB|AUX|POS)/=target
and
< /^(?i:am|is|are|r|be|being|'s|'re|'m|was|were|been|s|ai|m|art|ar|wase)$/
$++ VP
< VBD|VBN
|
Root SINV
< VP=target
and
< /^(?:VB|AUX|POS)/
< /^(?i:am|is|are|r|be|being|'s|'re|'m|was|were|been|s|ai|m|art|ar|wase)$/
$-- VP
< VBD|VBN
|
Root SINV
< VP=target
and
< VP
< /^(?:VB|AUX|POS)/
< /^(?i:am|is|are|r|be|being|'s|'re|'m|was|were|been|s|ai|m|art|ar|wase)$/
$-- VP
< VBD|VBN
|
COPULA
|
cop
|
copula
|
parent: aux
|
The "copula" grammatical relation. A copula is the relation between the complement of a copular verb and the copular verb.
|
Bill is big - cop(big, is)
|
Bill is an honest man - cop(man, is)
|
VP|SQ|SINV|SBARQ
|
Root VP
< /^(?:VB|AUX)/=target
and
< /^(?i:be|being|been|am|are|r|is|ai|was|were|'m|m|'re|'s|s|`s|art|ar|wase)$/
or
$++ /^(?:ADJP|NP$|WHNP$)/
!< VBN|VBD
!$++ /^N/
$++ S
<: ADJP
< JJ
|
Root SQ|SINV
< /^(?:VB|AUX)/=target
and
< /^(?i:be|being|been|am|are|r|is|ai|was|were|'m|m|'re|'s|s|`s|art|ar|wase)$/
or
$++ ADJP
!< VBN|VBD
$++ NP
$++ NP
$++ S
<: ADJP
< JJ
|
Root SBARQ
and
< /^(?:VB|AUX)/=target
< /^(?i:be|being|been|am|are|r|is|ai|was|were|'m|m|'re|'s|s|`s|art|ar|wase)$/
< WHNP
< WP
|
Root SINV
<# NP
$++ NP
$++ VP=target
< /^(?:VB|AUX)/
< /^(?i:be|being|been|am|are|r|is|ai|was|were|'m|m|'re|'s|s|`s|art|ar|wase)$/
|
CONJUNCT
|
conj
|
conjunct
|
parent: dep
|
The "conjunct" grammatical relation. A conjunct is the relation between two elements connected by a conjunction word. We treat conjunctions asymmetrically: The head of the relation is the first conjunct and other conjunctions depend on it via the <i>conj</i> relation. <i>Note:</i>Modified in 2010 to exclude the case of a CC/CONJP first in its phrase: it has to conjoin things.
|
Bill is big and honest - conj(big, honest)
|
VP|(?:WH)?NP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|ADJP|PP|QP|ADVP|UCP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|S|NX|SBAR|SBARQ|SINV|SQ|JJP|NML|RRC
|
Root VP|S|SBAR|SBARQ|SINV|SQ|RRC
< CC|CONJP
and
$-- !/^(?:``|-LRB-|PRN|PP|ADVP|RB)/
$+ !/^(?:SBAR|PRN|``|''|-[LR]RB-|,|:|\.)$/=target
|
Root SBAR
< CC|CONJP
and
$-- @SBAR
$+ @SBAR=target
|
Root VP|S|SBAR|SBARQ|SINV|SQ|RRC
< CC|CONJP
and
$-- !/^(?:``|-LRB-|PRN|PP|ADVP|RB)/
$+ ADVP
$+ !/^(?:PRN|``|''|-[LR]RB-|,|:|\.)$/=target
|
Root VP|S|SBAR|SBARQ|SINV|SQ=root
and
< CC|CONJP
$-- !/^(?:``|-LRB-|PRN|PP|ADVP|RB)/
< /^(?:PRN|``|''|-[LR]RB-|,|:|\.)$/
$+ /^S|SINV$|^(?:A|N|V|PP|PRP|J|W|R)/=target
or
$-- CC|CONJP
and
$-- __
># =root
!$++ /^:|,$/
$++ =target
$-- /^:|,$/
and
$-- __
># =root
or
!$-- /^CC|CONJP$/
$++ =target
< /^,$/
$++ __
># =target
|
Root /^(?:ADJP|JJP|PP|QP|(?:WH)?NP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|ADVP|UCP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|NX|NML)$/
or
< CC|CONJP
and
$-- !/^(?:``|-LRB-|PRN)$/
$+ !/^(?:PRN|``|''|-[LR]RB-|,|:|\.)$/=target
< FW=target
< /^(?i:etc)$/
< ADVP|NP=target
<1 FW
< /^(?i:etc)$/
|
Root /^(?:ADJP|PP|(?:WH)?NP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|ADVP|UCP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|NX|NML)$/
< CC|CONJP
and
$-- !/^(?:``|-LRB-|PRN)$/
$+ ADVP
$+ !/^(?:PRN|``|''|-[LR]RB-|,|:|\.)$/=target
|
Root /^(?:ADJP|PP|(?:WH)?NP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|ADVP|UCP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|NX|NML)$/
and
or
< CC|CONJP
$-- !/^(?:``|-LRB-|PRN)$/
< FW
< /^(?i:etc)$/
< ADVP|NP
<1 FW
< /^(?i:etc)$/
< /^(?:PRN|``|''|-[LR]RB-|,|:|\.)$/
or
$+ /^S|SINV$|^(?:A|N|V|PP|PRP|J|W|R)/=target
$+ FW=target
< /^(?i:etc)$/
|
Root NX|NML
and
or
< CC|CONJP
$- __
< FW
< /^(?i:etc)$/
< /^,$/
$- /^(?:A|N|V|PP|PRP|J|W|R|S)/=target
|
Root /^(?:VP|S|SBAR|SBARQ|SINV|ADJP|PP|QP|(?:WH)?NP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|ADVP|UCP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|NX|NML)$/
or
< CC
$++ CC|CONJP
$+ !/^(?:PRN|``|''|-[LR]RB-|,|:|\.)$/=target
<-1 FW=target
< /^(?i:etc)$/
<-1 ADVP|NP=target
<1 FW
< /^(?i:etc)$/
|
NOMINAL_SUBJECT
|
nsubj
|
nominal subject
|
parent: subj
|
The "nominal subject" grammatical relation. A nominal subject is a subject which is an noun phrase.
|
Clinton defeated Dole - nsubj(defeated, Clinton)
|
S|SQ|SBARQ|SINV|SBAR|PRN
|
Root S=subj
and
< NP|WHNP=target
and
and
!< EX
!<# /^NN/
< /^(?i:Mondays?|Tuesdays?|Wednesdays?|Thursdays?|Fridays?|Saturdays?|Sundays?|years?|months?|weeks?|days?|mornings?|evenings?|nights?|January|Jan\.|February|Feb\.|March|Mar\.|April|Apr\.|May|June|July|August|Aug\.|September|Sept\.|October|Oct\.|November|Nov\.|December|Dec\.|today|yesterday|tomorrow|spring|summer|fall|autumn|winter)$/
$++ VP=verb
: =subj
or
!> VP
!<< =verb
< TO
|
Root S
< NP=target
and
<# /^NN/
< /^(?i:Mondays?|Tuesdays?|Wednesdays?|Thursdays?|Fridays?|Saturdays?|Sundays?|years?|months?|weeks?|days?|mornings?|evenings?|nights?|January|Jan\.|February|Feb\.|March|Mar\.|April|Apr\.|May|June|July|August|Aug\.|September|Sept\.|October|Oct\.|November|Nov\.|December|Dec\.|today|yesterday|tomorrow|spring|summer|fall|autumn|winter)$/
!$++ NP
$++ VP
|
Root SQ|PRN
< NP=target
and
!< EX
$++ VP
|
Root SQ
< NP=target
and
!< EX
$- /^(?:VB|AUX)/
< /^(?i:be|being|been|am|are|r|is|ai|was|were|'m|m|'re|'s|s|`s|art|ar|wase)$/
!$++ VP
|
Root SQ
and
< NP=target
and
!< EX
$- /^(?:VB|AUX)/
!$++ VP
!$-- NP|WHNP
|
Root SQ
< NP=target
and
!< EX
and
$- RB
$- /^(?:VB|AUX)/
!$++ VP
|
Root SBARQ
and
< WHNP=target
< SQ
< VP
!$-- NP
|
Root SBARQ
and
< WHNP=target
< SQ
< /^(?:VB)/
and
!< /^(?i:be|being|been|am|are|r|is|ai|was|were|'m|m|'re|'s|s|`s|art|ar|wase)$/
and
!$-- NP
!$++ VP
|
Root SBARQ
< SQ=target
and
< /^(?:VB|AUX)/
< /^(?i:be|being|been|am|are|r|is|ai|was|were|'m|m|'re|'s|s|`s|art|ar|wase)$/
!< VP
|
Root SINV
< NP|WHNP=target
or
$- VP|VBZ|VBD|VBP|VB|MD|AUX
$- @RB|ADVP
$- VP|VBZ|VBD|VBP|VB|MD|AUX
and
!$- __
!$ @NP
|
Root SINV
< NP
$++ NP=target
$++ VP
< /^(?:VB|AUX)/
< /^(?i:be|being|been|am|are|r|is|ai|was|were|'m|m|'re|'s|s|`s|art|ar|wase)$/
|
Root S
and
< NP=target
$+ NP|ADJP
> VP
|
Root SBAR
and
< WHNP=target
or
< S
and
< VP
!$-- NP
!< SBAR
and
< VP
!$-- NP
!< S
|
Root SBAR
and
!< WHNP
< S
!< NP
$++ VP
> VP
> S
$- WHNP=target
|
Root SQ
< NP
and
< EX
$++ NP=target
|
Root S
and
< NP
< EX
<+(VP) VP
< NP=target
|
Root SBARQ
and
< /^(?:VB|AUX)/
< /^(?i:be|being|been|am|are|r|is|ai|was|were|'m|m|'re|'s|s|`s|art|ar|wase)$/
< WHNP
< WP
< NP=target
|
Root SBARQ
< WHNP=target
$++ /^(?:VB|AUX)/
and
< /^(?i:be|being|been|am|are|r|is|ai|was|were|'m|m|'re|'s|s|`s|art|ar|wase)$/
and
$++ ADJP=adj
!$++ NP
$++ =adj
|
Root SBARQ
and
<1 WHNP=target
< SQ
and
< /^(?:VB|AUX)/
< /^(?i:be|being|been|am|are|r|is|ai|was|were|'m|m|'re|'s|s|`s|art|ar|wase)$/
or
< NP
< EX
< PP
|
DIRECT_OBJECT
|
dobj
|
direct object
|
parent: obj
|
The "direct object" grammatical relation. The direct object of a verb is the noun phrase which is the (accusative) object of the verb; the direct object of a clause or VP is the direct object of the head predicate of that clause. Note that dobj can also be assigned by the conversion of rel in the postprocessing.
|
She gave me a raise - dobj(gave, raise)
|
VP|SQ|SBARQ?
|
Root VP
and
!< /^(?:VB|AUX)/
or
< /^(?i:be|being|been|am|are|r|is|ai|was|were|'m|m|'re|'s|s|`s|art|ar|wase)$/
< /^(?i:seem|seems|seemed|seeming|resemble|resembles|resembled|resembling|become|becomes|became|becoming|remain|remains|remained|remaining)$/
< NP|WHNP=target
or
and
!<# /^NN/
< /^(?i:Mondays?|Tuesdays?|Wednesdays?|Thursdays?|Fridays?|Saturdays?|Sundays?|years?|months?|weeks?|days?|mornings?|evenings?|nights?|January|Jan\.|February|Feb\.|March|Mar\.|April|Apr\.|May|June|July|August|Aug\.|September|Sept\.|October|Oct\.|November|Nov\.|December|Dec\.|today|yesterday|tomorrow|spring|summer|fall|autumn|winter)$/
!$+ NP
$+ NP-TMP
$+ NP
<# /^NN/
< /^(?i:Mondays?|Tuesdays?|Wednesdays?|Thursdays?|Fridays?|Saturdays?|Sundays?|years?|months?|weeks?|days?|mornings?|evenings?|nights?|January|Jan\.|February|Feb\.|March|Mar\.|April|Apr\.|May|June|July|August|Aug\.|September|Sept\.|October|Oct\.|November|Nov\.|December|Dec\.|today|yesterday|tomorrow|spring|summer|fall|autumn|winter)$/
<# __
!$++ NP
$++ /^[:]$/
$++ =target
|
Root VP
< S
< NP|WHNP=target
$++ VP
< TO
|
Root SQ
and
< /^(?:VB)/=verb
!< /^(?i:be|being|been|am|are|r|is|ai|was|were|'m|m|'re|'s|s|`s|art|ar|wase)$/
$-- WHNP
!< VP
!< /^(?:VB)/
!== =verb
< NP|WHNP=target
or
and
!<# /^NN/
< /^(?i:Mondays?|Tuesdays?|Wednesdays?|Thursdays?|Fridays?|Saturdays?|Sundays?|years?|months?|weeks?|days?|mornings?|evenings?|nights?|January|Jan\.|February|Feb\.|March|Mar\.|April|Apr\.|May|June|July|August|Aug\.|September|Sept\.|October|Oct\.|November|Nov\.|December|Dec\.|today|yesterday|tomorrow|spring|summer|fall|autumn|winter)$/
!$+ NP
$+ NP-TMP
$+ NP
<# /^NN/
< /^(?i:Mondays?|Tuesdays?|Wednesdays?|Thursdays?|Fridays?|Saturdays?|Sundays?|years?|months?|weeks?|days?|mornings?|evenings?|nights?|January|Jan\.|February|Feb\.|March|Mar\.|April|Apr\.|May|June|July|August|Aug\.|September|Sept\.|October|Oct\.|November|Nov\.|December|Dec\.|today|yesterday|tomorrow|spring|summer|fall|autumn|winter)$/
|
Root SBARQ
and
< WHNP=target
and
!< WRB
!<# /^NN/
< /^(?i:Mondays?|Tuesdays?|Wednesdays?|Thursdays?|Fridays?|Saturdays?|Sundays?|years?|months?|weeks?|days?|mornings?|evenings?|nights?|January|Jan\.|February|Feb\.|March|Mar\.|April|Apr\.|May|June|July|August|Aug\.|September|Sept\.|October|Oct\.|November|Nov\.|December|Dec\.|today|yesterday|tomorrow|spring|summer|fall|autumn|winter)$/
<+(SQ|SINV|S|VP) VP
and
!< NP|TO
!< S
< VP
< TO
!< /^(?:VB|AUX)/
and
< /^(?i:be|being|been|am|are|r|is|ai|was|were|'m|m|'re|'s|s|`s|art|ar|wase)$/
$++ VP
< VBN|VBD
!< PP
<: IN|TO
$-- NP
!< /^-NONE-$/
|
Root SBAR
and
< WHNP=target
!< WRB
< S
and
< NP
< VP
and
!< SBAR
!<+(VP) PP
<-1 IN|TO
!< S
< VP
< TO
|
Root SBARQ
< WHNP=target
$++ /^(?:VB|AUX)/
and
< /^(?i:be|being|been|am|are|r|is|ai|was|were|'m|m|'re|'s|s|`s|art|ar|wase)$/
and
$++ ADJP=adj
!< PP
!< NP
$++ NP
$++ =adj
|
PREPOSITIONAL_OBJECT
|
pobj
|
prepositional object
|
parent: obj
|
The "prepositional object" grammatical relation. The object of a preposition is the head of a noun phrase following the preposition, or the adverbs "here" and "there". (The preposition in turn may be modifying a noun, verb, etc.) We here define cases of VBG quasi-prepositions like "including", "concerning", etc. as instances of pobj (unlike the Penn Treebank). (The preposition can be called a FW for pace, versus, etc. It can also be called a CC - but we don't currently handle that and would need to distinguish from conjoined PPs. Jan 2010 update: We now insist that the NP must follow the preposition. This prevents a preceding NP measure phrase being matched as a pobj. We do allow a preposition tagged RB followed by an NP pobj, as happens in the Penn Treebank for adverbial uses of PP like "up 19%")
|
I sat on the chair - pobj(on, chair)
|
SBARQ|PP(?:-TMP)?|WHPP|PRT|ADVP|WHADVP|XS
|
Root /^(?:PP(?:-TMP)?|(?:WH)?(?:PP|ADVP))$/
< SYM|IN|VBG|VBN|TO|FW|RB|RBR
and
$++ /^(?:WH)?(?:NP|ADJP)(?:-TMP|-ADV)?$/=target
!$- @NP
!< /^(?i:not)$/
|
Root /^PP(?:-TMP)?$/
< /^(?:IN|VBG|VBN|TO)$/
$+ ADVP=target
or
< RB
< /^(?i:here|there)$/
< ADVP
< /^NP(?:-TMP)?$/
|
Root PRT
>-1 VP
and
!< S
< VP
< TO
>+(SQ|SINV|S|VP) SBARQ
<1 WHNP=target
!< WRB
$-- NP
!< /^-NONE-$/
|
Root PP
and
<: IN|TO
>-1 VP
and
!< S
< VP
< TO
>+(SQ|SINV|S|VP) SBARQ
<1 WHNP=target
!< WRB
$-- NP
!< /^-NONE-$/
|
Root PP
and
<: IN|TO
and
$- NP
and
$-- VBZ|VBD
!$++ VP
>+(SQ) SBARQ
<1 WHNP=target
!< WRB
$-- NP
!< /^-NONE-$/
|
Root XS|ADVP
and
< IN
< /^(?i:at)$/
< JJS|DT=target
|
Root @PP
and
< CC
< @NP=target
!< @IN|TO|VBG|VBN|RB|RP|PP
|
Root @WHPP|PP
< @WHPP|PP
$++ CC|CONJP
$++ @WHPP|PP
$+ NP=target
!$+ __
|
Root SBARQ
< WHNP=target
$++ /^(?:VB|AUX)/
and
< /^(?i:be|being|been|am|are|r|is|ai|was|were|'m|m|'re|'s|s|`s|art|ar|wase)$/
and
$++ ADJP=adj
< PP
!< NP
$++ NP
$++ =adj
|
PREPOSITIONAL_COMPLEMENT
|
pcomp
|
prepositional complement
|
parent: comp
|
The "prepositional complement" grammatical relation. This is used when the complement of a preposition is a clause or an adverbial or prepositional phrase. The prepositional complement of a preposition is the head of the sentence following the preposition, or the preposition head of the PP. It is warmer in Greece than in Italy &arr; <code>pcomp</code>(than, in)
|
We have no useful information on whether users are at risk - pcomp(on, are)
|
They heard about you missing classes. - pcomp(about, missing)
|
(?:WH)?PP(?:-TMP)?
|
Root @PP|WHPP
< IN|VBG|VBN|TO
$+ @SBAR|S|PP|ADVP=target
|
Root @PP|WHPP
< RB
$+ @SBAR|S=target
|
Root @PP|WHPP
and
!< IN|TO
< SBAR=target
<1 IN
$+ S
|
CLAUSAL_COMPLEMENT
|
ccomp
|
clausal complement
|
parent: comp
|
The "clausal complement" grammatical relation. A clausal complement of a verb or adjective is a dependent clause with an internal subject which functions like an object of the verb, or adjective. Clausal complements for nouns are limited to complement clauses with a subset of nouns like "fact" or "report". We analyze them the same (parallel to the analysis of this class as "content clauses" in Huddleston and Pullum 2002). Clausal complements are usually finite (though there are occasional exceptions including remnant English subjunctives, and we also classify the complement of causative "have" (She had him arrested) in this category.
|
He says that you like to swim - ccomp(says, like)
|
I am certain that he did it - ccomp(certain, did)
|
I admire the fact that you are honest - ccomp(fact, honest)
|
VP|SINV|S|ADJP|ADVP|NP(?:-.*)?
|
Root VP
< S=target
and
< VP
!<1 TO|VBG|VBN
!$-- NP
|
Root VP
< SBAR=target
and
< S
<+(S) VP
<1 IN|DT
< /^(?i:that|whether)$/
|
Root VP
< SBAR=target
and
< SBAR
and
< S
<+(S) VP
<1 IN|DT
< /^(?i:that|whether)$/
< CC|CONJP
|
Root VP
< SBAR=target
and
< S
< VP
!$-- NP
!<1 IN|WHADVP
!<2 IN|WHADVP
$- ADVP|RB
|
Root VP
and
< /^V/
< /^(?i:tell|tells|told|telling)$/
< SBAR=target
and
< S
< VP
$-- NP
!<1 IN|WHADVP
!<2 IN|WHADVP
$- ADVP|RB
|
Root VP
< SBAR=target
and
< S
< VP
!$-- NP
<1 WHADVP
< WRB
< /^(?i:how)$/
|
Root VP
< @SBARQ=target
|
Root VP
and
< /^VB/
< /^(?i:have|had|has|having|'ve|ve|v|'d|d|hvae|hav|as)$/
< S=target
and
< @NP
< VP
|
Root VP
and
< @SBAR=target
and
!$-- @SBAR|S
!$-- /^:$/
or
== @SBAR=sbar
<# @SBAR=sbar
< /^V/
< /^(?i:ask|asks|asked|asking|know|knows|knew|knowing|specify|specifies|specified|specifying|tell|tells|told|telling|understand|understands|understood|understanding|wonder|wonders|wondered|wondering)$/
or
< /^V/
< /^(?i:tell|tells|told|telling)$/
< =target
!$-- NP
: =sbar
and
< WHADVP|WHNP
and
< WRB
!< /^(?i:how)$/
!$-- /^(?!RB|ADVP).*$/
!< S
< VP
< TO
|
Root @S|SINV
and
< @S|SBARQ=target
and
$+ /^(,|\.|'')$/
!$- /^(?:CC|CONJP|:)$/
!$- /^(?:,)$/
$- CC|CONJP
!< VP
< TO|VBG|VBN
!< VP
<1 VP
or
<1 VBG|VBN
<2 VBG|VBN
$-- ADVP
!< @S
and
!== =target
$++ =target
!$++ @CC|CONJP
|
Root ADVP
< SBAR=target
or
< WHNP
and
< IN
< /^(?i:as|that)/
< S
< VP
!< TO
|
Root ADJP
< SBAR=target
and
!< IN
< as
< S
|
Root S
<1 SBAR=target
and
<1 IN
< /^(?i:that|whether)$/
!$+ VP
|
Root @NP
and
< JJ|NN|NNS
< SBAR=target
or
!< S
< VP
< TO
!$-- NP|NN|NNP|NNS
|
XCLAUSAL_COMPLEMENT
|
xcomp
|
xclausal complement
|
parent: comp
|
An open clausal complement (<i>xcomp</i>) of a VP or an ADJP is a clausal complement without its own subject, whose reference is determined by an external subject. These complements are always non-finite. The name <i>xcomp</i> is borrowed from Lexical-Functional Grammar. (Mainly "TO-clause" are recognized, but also some VBG like "stop eating")
|
I like to swim - xcomp(like, swim)
|
I am ready to leave - xcomp(ready, leave)
|
VP|ADJP|SINV
|
Root VP
< S=target
and
or
!$-- NP
$-- /^V/
< /^(?i:advise|advises|advised|advising|allow|allows|allowed|allowing|ask|asks|asked|asking|beg|begs|begged|begging|convice|convinces|convinced|convincing|demand|demands|demanded|demanding|desire|desires|desired|desiring|expect|expects|expected|expecting|encourage|encourages|encouraged|encouraging|force|forces|forced|forcing|implore|implores|implored|imploring|lobby|lobbies|lobbied|lobbying|order|orders|ordered|ordering|persuade|persuades|persuaded|persuading|pressure|pressures|pressured|pressuring|prompt|prompts|prompted|prompting|require|requires|required|requiring|tell|tells|told|telling|urge|urges|urged|urging)$/
!$- NN
< order
< VP
< TO
|
Root ADJP
< S=target
<1 VP
<1 TO
|
Root VP
< S=target
and
!$- NN
< order
< NP
$+ NP|ADJP
|
Root VP
<# /^(?:VB|AUX)/
$+ VP=target
< VB|VBG
|
Root VP
and
< SBAR=target
< S
and
!$- NN
< order
< VP
< TO
!> VP
< VB|AUX
< be
|
Root VP
and
< S=target
and
!$- NN
< order
<: NP
> VP
|
Root VP
and
< /^VB/
$+ @S=target
< @ADJP
and
< /^JJ/
!$-- @NP|S
$-- /^VB/
< /^(?i:be|being|been|am|are|r|is|ai|was|were|'m|m|'re|'s|s|`s|art|ar|wase)$/
|
Root VP
< S=target
and
< VP
< VBG
!< NP
!$- /^,$/
or
$- @NP|VP
$- @PP
$-- @NP
$- @ADVP
$-- @NP
!$-- /^:$/
!$-- VBG
|
Root VP
and
$-- /^(?:VB|AUX)/
< /^(?i:be|being|been|am|are|r|is|ai|was|were|'m|m|'re|'s|s|`s|art|ar|wase)$/
< /^VB/
< /^(?i:seem|seems|seemed|seeming|resemble|resembles|resembled|resembling|become|becomes|became|becoming|remain|remains|remained|remaining)$/
< NP=target
|
Root VP
and
< /^(?:VB|AUX)/
< /^(?i:seem|seems|seemed|seeming|resemble|resembles|resembled|resembling|become|becomes|became|becoming|remain|remains|remained|remaining)$/
< NP|WHNP=target
or
and
!<# /^NN/
< /^(?i:Mondays?|Tuesdays?|Wednesdays?|Thursdays?|Fridays?|Saturdays?|Sundays?|years?|months?|weeks?|days?|mornings?|evenings?|nights?|January|Jan\.|February|Feb\.|March|Mar\.|April|Apr\.|May|June|July|August|Aug\.|September|Sept\.|October|Oct\.|November|Nov\.|December|Dec\.|today|yesterday|tomorrow|spring|summer|fall|autumn|winter)$/
!$+ NP
$+ NP-TMP
$+ NP
<# /^NN/
< /^(?i:Mondays?|Tuesdays?|Wednesdays?|Thursdays?|Fridays?|Saturdays?|Sundays?|years?|months?|weeks?|days?|mornings?|evenings?|nights?|January|Jan\.|February|Feb\.|March|Mar\.|April|Apr\.|May|June|July|August|Aug\.|September|Sept\.|October|Oct\.|November|Nov\.|December|Dec\.|today|yesterday|tomorrow|spring|summer|fall|autumn|winter)$/
<# __
!$++ NP
$++ /^[:]$/
$++ =target
|
Root VP=vp
and
< NP=target
< /^(?:VB|AUX)/
and
< /^(?i:be|being|been|am|are|r|is|ai|was|were|'m|m|'re|'s|s|`s|art|ar|wase)$/
>># =vp
!$ NP
< EX
|
Root SINV
<# VP
and
< /^(?:VB|AUX)/
< /^(?i:be|being|been|am|are|r|is|ai|was|were|'m|m|'re|'s|s|`s|art|ar|wase)$/
$-- NP
$-- NP=target
|
ADV_CLAUSE_MODIFIER
|
advcl
|
adverbial clause modifier
|
parent: mod
|
The "adverbial clause modifier" grammatical relation. An adverbial clause modifier of some predicates, such as a VP or (inverted) sentence is a clause modifying the verb (temporal clauses, consequences, conditional clauses, etc.).
|
The accident happened as the night was falling - advcl(happened, falling)
|
If you know who did it, you should tell the teacher - advcl(tell, know)
|
VP|S|SQ|SINV|SBARQ|NP|ADVP
|
Root VP
< @SBAR=target
<= @SBAR
or
< IN
!< /^(?i:that|whether)$/
<: SINV
<1 /^(?:VB|MD|AUX)/
and
< RB|IN
< so|now
< IN
< that
and
<1 ADVP
< RB
< now
<2 IN
< that
|
Root S|SQ|SINV
< SBAR|SBAR-TMP=target
and
<1 IN
and
!< /^(?i:that|whether)$/
!$+ NN
< order
!$-- /^(?!CC|CONJP|``|,|INTJ|PP(-.*)?).*$/
!$+ VP
|
Root S|SQ|SINV
< SBAR|SBAR-TMP=target
and
<2 IN
and
!< /^(?i:that|whether)$/
!$+ NN
< order
!$-- /^(?!CC|CONJP|``|,|INTJ|PP(-.*)?$).*$/
|
Root S|SQ|SINV
< SBAR|SBAR-TMP=target
and
<1 IN
and
!< /^(?i:that|whether)$/
!$+ NN
< order
!$+ @VP
$+ /^,$/
$++ @NP
|
Root SBARQ
< SBAR|SBAR-TMP|SBAR-ADV=target
and
<1 IN
and
!< /^(?i:that|whether)$/
!$+ NN
< order
$+ /^,$/
$++ @SQ|S|SBARQ
|
Root S|SQ
and
< @SBAR=target
or
== @SBAR=sbar
<# @SBAR=sbar
: =sbar
and
< WHADVP|WHNP
and
< WRB
!< /^(?i:how)$/
!$-- /^(?!RB|ADVP).*$/
!< S
< VP
< TO
!$-- /^:$/
|
Root VP
and
< @SBAR=target
and
!$-- /^:$/
or
== @SBAR=sbar
<# @SBAR=sbar
or
!< /^V/
< /^(?i:ask|asks|asked|asking|know|knows|knew|knowing|specify|specifies|specified|specifying|tell|tells|told|telling|understand|understands|understood|understanding|wonder|wonders|wondered|wondering)$/
< =target
$-- @SBAR|S
and
!< /^V/
< /^(?i:tell|tells|told|telling)$/
< =target
$-- NP
: =sbar
and
< WHADVP|WHNP
and
< WRB
!< /^(?i:how)$/
!$-- /^(?!RB|ADVP).*$/
!< S
< VP
< TO
|
Root @S
< @SBAR=target
and
$++ @NP
$++ @VP
|
Root @S
< @S=target
and
< VP
< TO
$+ /^,$/
$++ @NP
|
Root NP
< NP
and
$++ SBAR=target
and
< IN
< /^(?i:than)$/
!< WHPP|WHNP|WHADVP
< S
< @NP
$++ VP
and
!< /^(?:VB|AUX)/
and
< /^(?i:be|being|been|am|are|r|is|ai|was|were|'m|m|'re|'s|s|`s|art|ar|wase)$/
!$+ VP
!<+(VP) /^(?:VB|AUX)/
and
< /^(?i:be|being|been|am|are|r|is|ai|was|were|'m|m|'re|'s|s|`s|art|ar|wase)$/
$+ VP
< VBN|VBD
!<+(VP) NP
!< SBAR
!<+(VP) PP
<-1 IN|TO
!<: S
!< VP
< TO
!$++ CC
$++ =target
|
Root ADVP
and
< ADVP
< SBAR=target
|
RELATIVE_CLAUSE_MODIFIER
|
rcmod
|
relative clause modifier
|
parent: mod
|
The "relative clause modifier" grammatical relation. A relative clause modifier of an NP is a relative clause modifying the NP. The link points from the head noun of the NP to the head of the relative clause, normally a verb.
|
I saw the man you love - rcmod(man, love)
|
I saw the book which you bought - rcmod(book, bought)
|
(?:WH)?(?:NP|NML|ADVP)(?:-.*)?
|
Root @NP|WHNP|NML=np
and
$++ SBAR=target
or
<+(SBAR) WHPP|WHNP
<: S
!< VP
< TO
!$-- @NP|WHNP|NML
!$++ FW
< /^(?i:etc)$/
!$++ ADVP|NP
<1 FW
< /^(?i:etc)$/
> @NP|WHNP
: =np
!$++ CC|CONJP
$++ =target
|
Root NP|NML
and
$++ SBAR=target
< WHADVP
< WRB
< /^(?i:where|why|when)/
!$-- NP|NML
!$++ FW
< /^(?i:etc)$/
!$++ ADVP|NP
<1 FW
< /^(?i:etc)$/
> @NP
|
Root @NP|WHNP
and
< RRC=target
<# NP|WHNP|NML|DT|S
|
Root @ADVP
and
< @ADVP
< RB
< /where$/
< @SBAR=target
|
Root NP
< NP
and
$++ SBAR=target
and
!< IN
< /^(?i:than|that|whether)$/
!< WHPP|WHNP|WHADVP
< S
< @NP
$++ VP
and
!< /^(?:VB|AUX)/
and
< /^(?i:be|being|been|am|are|r|is|ai|was|were|'m|m|'re|'s|s|`s|art|ar|wase)$/
!$+ VP
!<+(VP) /^(?:VB|AUX)/
and
< /^(?i:be|being|been|am|are|r|is|ai|was|were|'m|m|'re|'s|s|`s|art|ar|wase)$/
$+ VP
< VBN|VBD
!<+(VP) NP
!< SBAR
!<+(VP) PP
<-1 IN|TO
!<: S
!< VP
< TO
!$++ CC
$++ =target
|
ADJECTIVAL_MODIFIER
|
amod
|
adjectival modifier
|
parent: mod
|
The "adjectival modifier" grammatical relation. An adjectival modifier of an NP is any adjectival phrase that serves to modify the meaning of the NP. The relation amod is also used for multiword country adjectives, despite their questionable treebank representation.
|
Sam eats red meat - amod(meat, red)
|
the West German economy - amod(German, West), amod(economy, German)
|
NP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|NX|NML|NAC|WHNP|ADJP
|
Root /^(?:NP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|NX|NML|NAC|WHNP)$/
< ADJP|WHADJP|JJ|JJR|JJS|JJP|VBN|VBG|VBD|IN=target
and
!< QP
!< /^[$]$/
!$- CC
|
Root ADJP
and
!< CC|CONJP
< JJ|NNP
$ JJ|NNP=target
|
Root WHNP|WHNP-TMP|WHNP-ADV|NP|NP-TMP|NP-ADV
< NP=target
and
<: CD
$- /^,$/
$-- /^(?:WH)?NP/
!$ CC|CONJP
|
NOUN_COMPOUND_MODIFIER
|
nn
|
nn modifier
|
parent: mod
|
The "noun compound modifier" grammatical relation. A noun compound modifier of an NP is any noun that serves to modify the head noun. Note that this has all nouns modify the rightmost a la Penn headship rules. There is no intelligent noun compound analysis. We eliminate nouns that are detected as part of a POS, since that will turn into the dependencies denoting possession instead. Note we have to include (VBZ < /^'s$/) as part of the POS elimination, since quite a lot of text such as "yesterday's widely published sequester" was misannotated as a VBZ instead of a POS. TODO: remove that if a revised PTB is ever released.
|
Oil price futures - nn(futures, oil), nn(futures, price)
|
(?:WH)?(?:NP|NX|NAC|NML|ADVP|ADJP)(?:-TMP|-ADV)?
|
Root /^(?:WH)?(?:NP|NX|NAC|NML)(?:-TMP|-ADV)?$/
< NP|NML|NN|NNS|NNP|NNPS|FW|AFX=target
and
$++ NN|NNS|NNP|NNPS|FW|CD=sister
!<<- POS
!<<- VBZ
< /^'s$/
!$- /^,$/
!$++ POS
$++ =sister
|
Root /^(?:WH)?(?:NP|NX|NAC|NML)(?:-TMP|-ADV)?$/
and
< JJ|JJR|JJS=sister
< NP|NML|NN|NNS|NNP|NNPS|FW=target
and
!<<- POS
!<<- VBZ
< /^'s$/
$+ =sister
<# NN|NNS|NNP|NNPS
!<<- POS
!<<- VBZ
< /^'s$/
|
Root ADJP|ADVP
< FW
or
$- FW=target
!< /^(?i:etc)$/
$- IN=target
< in|In
|
APPOSITIONAL_MODIFIER
|
appos
|
appositional modifier
|
parent: mod
|
The "appositional modifier" grammatical relation. An appositional modifier of an NP is an NP that serves to modify the meaning of the NP. It includes parenthesized examples, as well as defining abbreviations.
|
Sam, my brother, eats red meat - appos(Sam, brother)
|
Bill (John's cousin) - appos(Bill, cousin)
|
The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) - appos(Corporation, ABC)
|
(?:WH)?NP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?
|
Root WHNP|WHNP-TMP|WHNP-ADV|NP|NP-TMP|NP-ADV
and
< NP=target
and
!<: CD
$- /^,$/
$-- /^(?:WH)?NP/
!< CC|CONJP
!< ADVP|NP
<1 FW
< /^(?i:etc)$/
!< FW
< /^(?i:etc)$/
|
Root WHNP|WHNP-TMP|WHNP-ADV|NP|NP-TMP|NP-ADV
< PRN=target
< NP
and
< /^(?:NN|CD)/
$-- /^-LRB-$/
$+ /^-RRB-$/
|
Root @WHNP|NP
< NP=target
and
!<: CD
<1 /^-LRB-$/
<-1 /^-RRB-$/
$-- /^(?:WH)?NP/
!$ CC|CONJP
|
Root NP|NP-TMP|NP-ADV
and
< NNP
$+ /^,$/
$+ NNP=target
!< CC|CONJP
!< ADVP|NP
<1 FW
< /^(?i:etc)$/
!< FW
< /^(?i:etc)$/
|
Root WHNP|WHNP-TMP|WHNP-ADV|NP|NP-TMP|NP-ADV
< PRN=target
and
<1 /^-LRB-$/
<-1 /^-RRB-$/
!<< /^(?:POS|(?:WP|PRP)\$|[,$#]|CC|RB|CD)$/
<+(NP) NNP|NN
< /^(?:[A-Z]\.?){2,}/
|
Root WHNP|WHNP-TMP|WHNP-ADV|NP|NP-TMP|NP-ADV
and
< NP=target
and
<: NNP
$- /^(?:WH)?NP/
!< POS
!< CC|CONJP
!< ADVP|NP
<1 FW
< /^(?i:etc)$/
!< FW
< /^(?i:etc)$/
|
DISCOURSE_ELEMENT
|
discourse
|
discourse element
|
parent: mod
|
The "discourse element" grammatical relation. This is used for interjections and other discourse particles and elements (which are not clearly linked to the structure of the sentence, except in an expressive way). We generally follow the guidelines of what the Penn Treebanks count as an INTJ. They define this to include: interjections (oh, uh-huh, Welcome), fillers (um, ah), and discourse markers (well, like, actually, but not: you know). We also use it for emoticons.
|
.*
|
Root __
< NFP=target
or
< /^(?:[<>]?[:;=8][\-o\*']?(?:-RRB-|-LRB-|[DPdpO\/\\\:}{@\|\[\]])|(?:-RRB-|-LRB-|[DPdpO\/\\\:}{@\|\[\]])[\-o\*']?[:;=8][<>]?)$/
< /(?!^--$)^(?:-LRB-)?[\-\^x=~<>'][_.]?[\-\^x=~<>'](?:-RRB-)?$/
|
Root __
or
< INTJ=target
< PRN=target
and
<1 /^(?:,|-LRB-)$/
<2 INTJ
or
!<3 __
<3 /^(?:,|-RRB-)$/
|
VERBAL_MODIFIER
|
vmod
|
verb modifier
|
parent: mod
|
The "verb modifier" grammatical relation. A verb modifier of an NP, VP, or S is a S/VP[part] that serves to modify the meaning of the NP or VP.
|
truffles picked during the spring are tasty - vmod(truffles, picked)
|
Bill picked Fred for the team demonstrating his incompetence - vmod(picked, demonstrating)
|
points to establish are ... - vmod(points, establish)
|
who am i to judge - vmod(who, judge)
|
(?:WH)?NP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|NML|NX|VP|S|SINV|SBARQ
|
Root WHNP|WHNP-TMP|WHNP-ADV|NP|NP-TMP|NP-ADV|NML|NX
< VP=target
and
< VBG|VBN|VBD
$-- @NP|NML|NX
|
Root WHNP|WHNP-TMP|WHNP-ADV|NP|NP-TMP|NP-ADV|NML|NX
< /^,$/
$+ VP=target
or
<1 VBG|VBN
<2 VBG|VBN
$-- ADVP
|
Root S|SINV
and
< S=target
and
or
< VP=verb
< VP
<1 VP=verb
or
$- /^,$/
or
$- @NP
$- @PP
$ @NP
$+ /^,$/
$+ @NP
: =verb
or
<1 VBG|VBN
<2 VBG|VBN
$-- ADVP
|
Root VP
< @S=target
and
< VP
or
<1 VBG|VBN
<2 VBG|VBN
$-- ADVP
$- /^,$/
or
$- @NP|VP
$- @PP
$-- @NP
$- @ADVP
$-- @NP
|
Root VP
< S=target
and
< VP
< VBG
$-- VBG=ing
!$-- /^[:]$/
$-- =ing
|
Root VP
< S=target
and
$-- NP
< VP
< TO
!$-- /^V/
< /^(?i:advise|advises|advised|advising|allow|allows|allowed|allowing|ask|asks|asked|asking|beg|begs|begged|begging|convice|convinces|convinced|convincing|demand|demands|demanded|demanding|desire|desires|desired|desiring|expect|expects|expected|expecting|encourage|encourages|encouraged|encouraging|force|forces|forced|forcing|implore|implores|implored|imploring|lobby|lobbies|lobbied|lobbying|order|orders|ordered|ordering|persuade|persuades|persuaded|persuading|pressure|pressures|pressured|pressuring|prompt|prompts|prompted|prompting|require|requires|required|requiring|tell|tells|told|telling|urge|urges|urged|urging)$/
|
Root /^NP(?:-[A-Z]+)?$/
< S=target
and
< VP
< TO
$-- NP|NN|NNP|NNS
|
Root /^NP(?:-[A-Z]+)?$/
< SBAR=target
and
< S
< VP
< TO
$-- NP|NN|NNP|NNS
|
Root SBARQ
and
< WHNP
< S=target
< VP
<1 TO
|
ADVERBIAL_MODIFIER
|
advmod
|
adverbial modifier
|
parent: mod
|
The "adverbial modifier" grammatical relation. An adverbial modifier of a word is a (non-clausal) RB or ADVP that serves to modify the meaning of the word.
|
genetically modified food - advmod(modified, genetically)
|
less often - advmod(often, less)
|
VP|ADJP|WHADJP|ADVP|WHADVP|S|SBAR|SINV|SQ|SBARQ|XS|(?:WH)?(?:PP|NP)(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|RRC|CONJP|JJP
|
Root /^(?:VP|ADJP|JJP|WHADJP|SQ?|SBARQ?|SINV|XS|RRC|(?:WH)?NP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?)$/
< RB|RBR|RBS|WRB|ADVP|WHADVP=target
and
!< /^(?i:n[o']?t|never)$/
!< FW
< /^(?i:etc)$/
|
Root ADVP|WHADVP
and
< RB|RBR|RBS|WRB|ADVP|WHADVP|JJ=target
and
!< /^(?i:n[o']?t|never)$/
!< /^(?i:no)$/
!< FW
< /^(?i:etc)$/
or
!< /^CC|CONJP$/
and
<# __=head
!< /^CC|CONJP$/
or
and
$++ =head
$-- =target
and
$-- =head
$++ =target
|
Root SBAR
< WHNP=target
< WRB
|
Root SBARQ
<1 WHADVP=target
|
Root XS
< JJ=target
|
Root /(?:WH)?PP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?$/
<# __
$-- RB|RBR|RBS|WRB|ADVP|WHADVP=target
and
!< /^(?i:n[o']?t|never)$/
!< FW
< /^(?i:etc)$/
|
Root /(?:WH)?PP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?$/
and
< @NP|WHNP
< RB|RBR|RBS|WRB|ADVP|WHADVP=target
and
!< /^(?i:n[o']?t|never)$/
!< FW
< /^(?i:etc)$/
|
Root CONJP
< RB=target
and
!< /^(?i:n[o']?t|never)$/
!< FW
< /^(?i:etc)$/
|
NEGATION_MODIFIER
|
neg
|
negation modifier
|
parent: advmod
|
The "negation modifier" grammatical relation. The negation modifier is the relation between a negation word and the word it modifies.
|
Bill is not a scientist - neg(scientist, not)
|
Bill doesn't drive - neg(drive, n't)
|
VP|ADJP|S|SBAR|SINV|SQ|NP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|FRAG|CONJP|PP|NAC|NML|NX|ADVP|WHADVP
|
Root /^(?:VP|NP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|ADJP|SQ|S|FRAG|CONJP|PP)$/
< RB=target
< /^(?i:n[o']?t|never)$/
|
Root VP|ADJP|S|SBAR|SINV|FRAG
< ADVP=target
<# RB
< /^(?i:n[o']?t|never)$/
|
Root VP
and
> SQ
$-- RB=target
< /^(?i:n[o']?t|never)$/
|
Root /^(?:NP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|NAC|NML|NX|ADJP|ADVP)$/
< DT|RB=target
and
< /^(?i:no)$/
$++ /^(?:N[MNXP]|CD|JJ|JJR|FW|ADJP|QP|RB|RBR|PRP(?![$])|PRN)/
|
Root ADVP|WHADVP
and
< RB|RBR|RBS|WRB|ADVP|WHADVP|JJ=target
< /^(?i:no)$/
!< CC|CONJP
|
NP_ADVERBIAL_MODIFIER
|
npadvmod
|
noun phrase adverbial modifier
|
parent: mod
|
The "noun phrase as adverbial modifier" grammatical relation. This relation captures various places where something syntactically a noun phrase is used as an adverbial modifier in a sentence. These usages include: A measure phrase, which is the relation between the head of an ADJP/ADVP and the head of a measure-phrase modifying the ADJP/ADVP. Noun phrases giving extent inside a VP which are not objects Financial constructions involving an adverbial or PP-like NP, notably the following construction where the NP means "per share" Reflexives Certain other absolutive NP constructions. A temporal modifier (tmod) is a subclass of npadvmod which is distinguished as a separate relation.
|
The director is 65 years old - npadvmod(old, years)
|
Shares eased a fraction - npadvmod(eased, fraction)
|
IBM earned $ 5 a share - npadvmod($, share)
|
The silence is itself significant - npadvmod(significant, itself)
|
90% of Australians like him, the most of any country - npadvmod(like, most)
|
VP|(?:WH)?(?:NP|ADJP|ADVP|PP)(?:-TMP|-ADV)?
|
Root @ADVP|ADJP|WHADJP|WHADVP|PP|WHPP
<# JJ|JJR|IN|RB|RBR
and
!< notwithstanding
$- @NP=target
!< NNP|NNPS
|
Root @ADJP
and
< NN=target
$++ /^JJ/
!< CC|CONJP
|
Root @NP|WHNP
< /^NP-ADV/=target
|
Root @NP|WHNP
and
or
< NP=target
<: PRP
< /^(?i:myself|yourself|himself|herself|itself|ourselves|yourselves|themselves)$/
< PRP=target
< /^(?i:myself|yourself|himself|herself|itself|ourselves|yourselves|themselves)$/
: =target
and
$-- NP|NN|NNS|NNP|NNPS|PRP=noun
!$-- /^,|CC|CONJP$/
$-- =noun
|
Root @NP
and
<1 @NP
<<# /^%$/
<2 @NP=target
<<# days|month|months
!<3 __
|
Root @VP
< /^NP-ADV/=target
|
TEMPORAL_MODIFIER
|
tmod
|
temporal modifier
|
parent: npadvmod
|
The "temporal modifier" grammatical relation. A temporal modifier of a VP or an ADJP is any constituent that serves to modify the meaning of the VP or the ADJP by specifying a time; a temporal modifier of a clause is an temporal modifier of the VP which is the predicate of that clause.
|
Last night, I swam in the pool - tmod(swam, night)
|
VP|S|ADJP|PP|SBAR|SBARQ|NP|RRC
|
Root VP|ADJP|RRC
or
< NP-TMP=target
< VP=target
and
<# NP-TMP
!$ /^,|CC|CONJP$/
< NP=target
and
<# /^NN/
< /^(?i:Mondays?|Tuesdays?|Wednesdays?|Thursdays?|Fridays?|Saturdays?|Sundays?|years?|months?|weeks?|days?|mornings?|evenings?|nights?|January|Jan\.|February|Feb\.|March|Mar\.|April|Apr\.|May|June|July|August|Aug\.|September|Sept\.|October|Oct\.|November|Nov\.|December|Dec\.|today|yesterday|tomorrow|spring|summer|fall|autumn|winter)$/
!$+ /^JJ/
< old
|
Root @PP
< IN|TO|VBG|FW
$++ @NP
or
$+ NP-TMP=target
$+ NP=target
<# /^NN/
< /^(?i:Mondays?|Tuesdays?|Wednesdays?|Thursdays?|Fridays?|Saturdays?|Sundays?|years?|months?|weeks?|days?|mornings?|evenings?|nights?|January|Jan\.|February|Feb\.|March|Mar\.|April|Apr\.|May|June|July|August|Aug\.|September|Sept\.|October|Oct\.|November|Nov\.|December|Dec\.|today|yesterday|tomorrow|spring|summer|fall|autumn|winter)$/
|
Root S
< NP-TMP=target
and
$++ VP
$ NP
|
Root S
< NP=target
and
<# /^NN/
< /^(?i:Mondays?|Tuesdays?|Wednesdays?|Thursdays?|Fridays?|Saturdays?|Sundays?|years?|months?|weeks?|days?|mornings?|evenings?|nights?|January|Jan\.|February|Feb\.|March|Mar\.|April|Apr\.|May|June|July|August|Aug\.|September|Sept\.|October|Oct\.|November|Nov\.|December|Dec\.|today|yesterday|tomorrow|spring|summer|fall|autumn|winter)$/
$++ NP
$++ VP
|
Root SBAR
and
< @WHADVP
< WRB
< when
< S
< NP
$+ VP
!< /^(?:VB|AUX)/
and
< /^(?i:be|being|been|am|are|r|is|ai|was|were|'m|m|'re|'s|s|`s|art|ar|wase)$/
!$+ VP
!$-- CC
$-- NP
> NP=target
|
Root SBARQ
and
< @WHNP=target
<# /^NN/
< /^(?i:Mondays?|Tuesdays?|Wednesdays?|Thursdays?|Fridays?|Saturdays?|Sundays?|years?|months?|weeks?|days?|mornings?|evenings?|nights?|January|Jan\.|February|Feb\.|March|Mar\.|April|Apr\.|May|June|July|August|Aug\.|September|Sept\.|October|Oct\.|November|Nov\.|December|Dec\.|today|yesterday|tomorrow|spring|summer|fall|autumn|winter)$/
< SQ
< @NP
|
Root NP
< NP-TMP=target
|
MULTI_WORD_EXPRESSION
|
mwe
|
multi-word expression
|
parent: mod
|
The "multi-word expression" grammatical relation. This covers various multi-word constructions for which it would seem pointless or arbitrary to claim grammatical relations between words: as well as, rather than, instead of, but also; such as, because of, all but, in addition to .... <code>mwe</code>(well, as) "fewer than 700 bottles" → <code>mwe</code>(than, fewer)
|
dogs as well as cats - mwe(well, as)
|
PP|XS|ADVP|CONJP
|
Root PP|XS
and
< IN|TO
< as|of|at|to|in
< JJ|IN|JJR|JJS|NN=target
< such|because|Because|least|instead|due|Due|addition|to
|
Root ADVP
and
< RB|IN
< well
< IN|RB|JJS=target
< as
|
Root ADVP
and
< DT=target
< all
< CC
< but
|
Root CONJP
and
< RB
< rather|well|instead
< RB|IN=target
< as|than|of
|
Root CONJP
and
< IN
< in
< NN|TO=target
< addition|to
|
Root XS
< JJR|JJS=target
|
DETERMINER
|
det
|
determiner
|
parent: mod
|
The "determiner" grammatical relation. (The ADVP match is because sometimes "a little" or "every time" is tagged as an AVDVP with POS tags straight under it.)
|
The man is here - det(man,the)
|
Which man do you prefer? - det(man,which)
|
(?:WH)?NP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|NAC|NML|NX|X|ADVP|ADJP
|
Root /^(?:NP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|NAC|NML|NX|X)$/
< DT=target
and
!< /^(?i:either|neither|both|no)$/
!$+ DT
!$++ CC
$++ /^(?:N[MNXP]|CD|JJ|FW|ADJP|QP|RB|PRP(?![$])|PRN)/=det
!$++ /^PRP[$]|POS/
and
$++ =det
!$++ /''/
$++ =det
|
Root NP|NP-TMP|NP-ADV
< DT=target
or
and
< /^(?i:either|neither|both)$/
!$+ DT
!$++ CC
$++ /^(?:NN|NX|NML)/
!$++ NP
< CC
and
!< /^(?i:either|neither|both|no)$/
$++ CC
$++ /^(?:NN|NX|NML)/
and
!< /^(?i:no)$/
$++ /^JJ/
!$+ /^NN/
!$++ CC
!$+ DT
|
Root NP|NP-TMP|NP-ADV
and
<<, PRP
<-1 NP|DT|RB=target
<<- all|both|each
|
Root WHNP
< NP
$-- WHNP=target
< WDT
|
Root @WHNP|ADVP|ADJP
< /^(?:NP|NN|CD|RBS|JJ)/
$-- DT|WDT|WP=target
and
!< /^(?i:no)$/
or
== WDT|WP
!$++ CC|CONJP
|
Root @NP
< /^(?:NP|NN|CD|RBS)/
$-- WDT|WP=target
|
PRECONJUNCT
|
preconj
|
preconjunct
|
parent: mod
|
The "preconjunct" grammatical relation.
|
Both the boys and the girls are here - preconj(boys,both)
|
S|VP|ADJP|PP|ADVP|UCP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|NX|NML|SBAR|NP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?
|
Root NP|NP-TMP|NP-ADV|NX|NML
< PDT|CC|DT=target
and
< /^(?i:either|neither|both)$/
$++ CC
|
Root NP|NP-TMP|NP-ADV|NX|NML
< CONJP=target
and
< RB
< /^(?i:not)$/
< RB|JJ
< /^(?i:only|merely|just)$/
$++ CC|CONJP
|
Root NP|NP-TMP|NP-ADV|NX|NML
and
< PDT|CC|DT=target
< /^(?i:either|neither|both)$/
< NP
< CC
|
Root /^S|VP|ADJP|PP|ADVP|UCP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|NX|NML|SBAR$/
< PDT|DT|CC=target
and
< /^(?i:either|neither|both)$/
$++ CC
|
Root /^S|VP|ADJP|PP|ADVP|UCP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|NX|NML|SBAR$/
< CONJP=target
and
< RB
< /^(?i:not)$/
< RB|JJ
< /^(?i:only|merely|just)$/
$++ CC|CONJP
|
POSSESSION_MODIFIER
|
poss
|
possession modifier
|
parent: mod
|
The "possession" grammatical relation between the possessum and the possessor.
|
their offices - poss(offices, their)
|
Bill 's clothes - poss(clothes, Bill)
|
(?:WH)?(NP|ADJP|INTJ|PRN|NAC|NX|NML)(?:-.*)?
|
Root /^(?:WH)?(?:NP|INTJ|ADJP|PRN|NAC|NX|NML)(?:-.*)?$/
< /^(?:WP\$|PRP\$)$/=target
|
Root /^(?:WH)?(?:NP|NML)(?:-.*)?$/
or
and
< WHNP|WHNML|NP|NML=target
or
< POS
< VBZ
< /^'s$/
!< CC|CONJP
$++ WHNP|WHNML|NP|NML
< WHNP|WHNML|NP|NML=target
and
< CC|CONJP
$++ WHNP|WHNML|NP|NML
< WHNP|WHNML|NP|NML
or
< POS
< VBZ
< /^'s$/
|
Root /^(?:WH)?(?:NP|NML|NX)(?:-.*)?$/
< /^NN|NP/=target
and
$++ POS=pos
and
< /'/
$++ /^NN/
!$++ /^NN|NP/
$++ =pos
|
PREPOSITIONAL_MODIFIER
|
prep
|
prepositional modifier
|
parent: mod
|
The "prepositional modifier" grammatical relation. A prepositional modifier of a verb, adjective, or noun is any prepositional phrase that serves to modify the meaning of the verb, adjective, or noun. We also generate prep modifiers of PPs to account for treebank (PP PP PP) constructions (from 1984 through 2002).
|
I saw a cat in a hat - prep(cat, in)
|
I saw a cat with a telescope - prep(saw, with)
|
He is responsible for meals - prep(responsible, for)
|
.*
|
Root /^(?:(?:WH)?(?:NP|ADJP|ADVP|NX|NML)(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|VP|NAC|SQ|FRAG|PRN|X|RRC)$/
and
< WHPP|WHPP-TMP|PP|PP-TMP=target
!$- @CC|CONJP
$- __
!<-1 FW
< /^(?i:etc)$/
!<-1 ADVP|NP
<1 FW
< /^(?i:etc)$/
|
Root /^(?:(?:WH)?(?:NP|ADJP|ADVP|NX|NML)(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|VP|NAC|SQ|FRAG|PRN|X|RRC)$/
< S=target
<: WHPP|WHPP-TMP|PP|PP-TMP
|
Root WHPP|WHPP-TMP|WHPP-ADV|PP|PP-TMP|PP-ADV
and
< WHPP|WHPP-TMP|WHPP-ADV|PP|PP-TMP|PP-ADV=target
!$- IN|VBG|VBN|TO
!< @CC|CONJP
|
Root S|SINV
and
< PP|PP-TMP=target
!< SBAR
< VP|S
|
Root SBAR|SBARQ
and
< /^(?:WH)?PP/=target
< S|SQ
|
Root @NP
< @UCP|PRN=target
<# @PP
|
PARATAXIS
|
parataxis
|
parataxis
|
parent: dep
|
The "parataxis" grammatical relation. Relation between the main verb of a sentence and other sentential elements, such as a sentential parenthetical, a sentence after a ":" or a ";", when two sentences are juxtaposed next to each other without any coordinator or subordinator, etc.
|
The guy, John said, left early in the morning. - parataxis(left,said)
|
S|VP
|
Root VP
< PRN=target
< S|SINV|SBAR
|
Root VP
$ PRN=target
or
< S|SINV|SBAR
and
< VP
< @NP
|
Root S|VP
and
< /^:$/
$+ /^S/=target
!<1 __
$++ CC|CONJP
|
Root @S
< @S|SBARQ
and
$++ @S|SBARQ=target
!$++ @CC|CONJP
|
Root @S|VP
and
< /^:$/
and
$-- /^V/
$+ @NP=target
!< @CONJP|CC
|